{
 "bundle_of": "C4",
 "schema_version": "0.40",
 "paper": {
  "id": "entrylib:2026.000001",
  "version": 3,
  "title": "Calibration of the prediction intervals of AutoMSARIMA in smooth on M1, M3, Tourism and M4",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "status": "corrected",
  "date": "2026-11-10",
  "status_notice": {
   "date": "2026-11-10",
   "reason_code": "correction",
   "statement": "The test quantities of the claims bound result entries that version 2 had turned into table cells; they now bind the cells, which keep the full precision the verdicts were computed at, and each table names the CSV of the lab results (A10) as its source. The defining equations of D1, D4, D11 and D13 are set as displayed equations.",
   "issued_by": "Ivan Svetunkov (ORCID 0000-0001-7826-0281)"
  }
 },
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "statement": "On known models, the [[D10:AutoMSARIMA]] interval of smooth 1.3.0 is calibrated no worse than that of 1.0.8 ([[D21:smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0]]): at $T = 100$ in the [[D2:known-model simulation]] its [[D13:MCE]] is 0.0100 against 0.0120 with estimated parameters, 0.0139 against 0.0172 with selected orders and 0.0085 against 0.0246 with optimal initial states.",
   "about": {
    "subject": "D10",
    "relation": "is calibrated no worse in 1.3.0 than in 1.0.8 on",
    "object": "D13",
    "comparator": "D21",
    "conditions": [
     "D2"
    ]
   },
   "type": "descriptive",
   "role": "principal",
   "novelty": "no_prior_found",
   "support": [
    {
     "kind": "simulation",
     "evidence": "E10",
     "results": [
      "E10.T1.r1",
      "E10.T1.r5",
      "E10.T1.r3",
      "E10.T1.r7",
      "E10.T1.r2",
      "E10.T1.r6"
     ],
     "artefacts": [
      "A4",
      "A8"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "provenance": "author_stated",
   "hypothesis": {
    "lab_event": "H10",
    "outcome": "supported"
   },
   "planning": "confirmatory",
   "planned_at": "2026-11-05T18:40:15Z",
   "planned_at_anchor": "git_remote",
   "test": {
    "framework": "deterministic",
    "parameters": {
     "sample": "2000 replicates per cell, 11 DGPs, T=50,100,300, seed 20261105 in both versions; run 1 smooth 1.0.8 (v1.0.8-py), run 2 smooth 1.3.0"
    },
    "quantities": {
     "eb108": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "E",
       "initial states": "backcasting",
       "D21": "1.0.8"
      },
      "run": 1
     },
     "eb130": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "E",
       "initial states": "backcasting",
       "D21": "1.3.0"
      },
      "run": 2
     },
     "sb108": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "S",
       "initial states": "backcasting",
       "D21": "1.0.8"
      },
      "run": 1
     },
     "sb130": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "S",
       "initial states": "backcasting",
       "D21": "1.3.0"
      },
      "run": 2
     },
     "eo108": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "E",
       "initial states": "optimal",
       "D21": "1.0.8"
      },
      "run": 1
     },
     "eo130": {
      "variable": "D13",
      "conditions": {
       "T": 100,
       "D3": "E",
       "initial states": "optimal",
       "D21": "1.3.0"
      },
      "run": 2
     }
    },
    "supported": "eb130 <= eb108+0.001 and sb130 <= sb108+0.001 and eo130 <= eo108+0.001",
    "not_supported": "eb130 > eb108+0.005 or sb130 > sb108+0.005 or eo130 > eo108+0.005",
    "verdict": "computed",
    "runs": 2,
    "lab_plan": "PL11",
    "flags": [
     "code_changed_after_plan"
    ]
   },
   "depends_on": [
    "C9"
   ],
   "scope": {
    "data_type": "simulated Gaussian ARIMA and SARIMA series",
    "conditions": [
     "holdout of 18",
     "T = 100",
     "cases E and S"
    ]
   },
   "limitations": [
    "L2",
    "L4"
   ],
   "assessments": [
    {
     "by": "author",
     "strength": "high",
     "rationale": "Same seeds and processes in both versions, 2,000 replicates per process; the rule of PL11 was met in all three cases."
    }
   ],
   "verifiability": "open",
   "verifiability_flags": []
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "type": "descriptive",
   "role": "supporting",
   "statement": "The width of the [[D10:AutoMSARIMA]] interval on the [[D5:benchmark]] did not change between [[D21:smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0]]: the median ratio of the 80% widths of 1.3.0 over 1.0.8 is 1.000 with backcasting and with optimal initial states.",
   "about": {
    "subject": "D10",
    "relation": "has an unchanged interval width between versions on",
    "object": "interval width",
    "comparator": "D21",
    "conditions": [
     "D5"
    ]
   },
   "support": [
    {
     "kind": "empirical_quant",
     "evidence": "E17",
     "results": [
      "E17.T1.r1",
      "E17.T1.r2"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "scope": {
    "data_type": "M1, M3 and Tourism series"
   },
   "novelty": "no_prior_found",
   "assessments": [
    {
     "by": "author",
     "strength": "moderate",
     "rationale": "Exploratory decomposition on all benchmark series."
    }
   ],
   "planning": "exploratory",
   "provenance": "author_stated",
   "verifiability": "open",
   "verifiability_flags": []
  }
 ],
 "definitions": [
  {
   "id": "D1",
   "term": "MSARIMA analytic interval",
   "kind": "method",
   "source": "B6",
   "definition": "The quantiles of `predict(interval=\"prediction\")` of a pure ARIMA in smooth 1.3.0, which dispatches to the approximate interval. The ARIMA is the state space model\n$$\\begin{aligned} y_t &= w^\\top v_{t-l} + \\epsilon_t, \\\\ v_t &= F v_{t-l} + g \\epsilon_t, \\\\ \\epsilon_t &\\sim N(0, \\sigma^2). \\end{aligned}$$\nThe quantile at level $\\tau$ and horizon $h$ is\n$$q_{\\tau,h} = \\hat y_{T+h|T} + \\Phi^{-1}(\\tau) \\sqrt{V_h}, \\qquad V_h = \\hat\\sigma^2 \\frac{T}{T-k} c_h,$$\nwith\n$$\\hat\\sigma^2 = \\frac{1}{T} \\sum_{t=1}^{T} e_t^2, \\qquad c_h = 1 + \\sum_{j=1}^{h-1} \\left(w^\\top F^{j-1} g\\right)^2,$$\nwhere $k$ is the number of estimated parameters and $c_h$ the $h$-th diagonal element of the analytic covariance of the state space model, written here for a model with lag 1."
  },
  {
   "id": "D2",
   "term": "known-model simulation",
   "kind": "data",
   "definition": "Gaussian ARIMA series with $\\sigma = 10$ generated from 11 data generating processes (white noise with a constant, random walk with and without drift, AR(1), MA(1), ARIMA(0,1,1), ARIMA(1,1,0), ARIMA(1,1,1), ARIMA(0,2,2), seasonal SARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)$_{12}$ and SARIMA(1,0,0)(1,0,0)$_{12}$) plus an IMA(1,1) with Student-t errors on 4 degrees of freedom; in-sample lengths $T$ of 15, 25, 50, 100 and 300, holdout of 18; 2,000 replicates per process and length with seed 20261105 unless stated."
  },
  {
   "id": "D3",
   "term": "cases T, E, S, W",
   "kind": "design",
   "definition": "What the fitted AutoMSARIMA or MSARIMA knows about the data generating process of the [[D2:known-model simulation]]: T, true orders and true AR, MA and constant parameters with initial states and scale estimated; E, true orders with estimated parameters; S, orders selected by AutoMSARIMA; W, a fixed wrong model for each process. Each with backcasting or optimal initial states."
  },
  {
   "id": "D4",
   "term": "coverage",
   "kind": "variable",
   "definition": "For the quantile $q_{\\tau,j}$ at level $\\tau$ and horizon $j$, the share of holdout observations at or below it,\n$$c_\\tau = \\frac{1}{h} \\sum_{j=1}^{h} 1\\left(y_{T+j} \\le q_{\\tau,j}\\right),$$\naveraged first within a series and then over series. cov80 is $c_{0.9} - c_{0.1}$, the coverage of the central 80% interval; q50 is $c_{0.5}$."
  },
  {
   "id": "D5",
   "term": "benchmark",
   "kind": "data",
   "definition": "The 5,315 series of M1 (1,001), M3 (3,003) and Tourism (1,311) from fcompdata 0.1.4, with their own holdouts and seasonal periods; lags $(1, m)$ for seasonal series.",
   "members": [
    "D18",
    "D19",
    "D20"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "D6",
   "term": "M4 sample",
   "kind": "data",
   "source": "B4",
   "definition": "1,500 series each of the yearly, quarterly and monthly M4 series, drawn with seed 20261105 without replacement, with the M4 holdouts."
  },
  {
   "id": "D7",
   "term": "level terciles",
   "kind": "design",
   "definition": "Series split into terciles of the [[D17:level ratio]] across the series of a data set; cov80 reported for each tercile, and the spread as the largest minus the smallest of the three."
  },
  {
   "id": "D8",
   "term": "auto.adam error selection",
   "kind": "method",
   "source": "B6",
   "definition": "R `auto.adam(y, model=\"NNN\", lags, distribution=c(\"dnorm\",\"dlnorm\"), initial=\"backcasting\")` of smooth 4.6: the ARIMA orders and constant are selected by AICc for each distribution with the maxima of auto.msarima (AR (3,3), I (2,1), MA (3,3)), then the distribution with the lower AICc is kept; with dnorm the model is the [[D10:AutoMSARIMA]] model, with dlnorm it is the [[D11:log-normal ARIMA]]. Quantiles from `forecast(interval=\"prediction\")`."
  },
  {
   "id": "D9",
   "term": "fresh M4 sample",
   "kind": "data",
   "source": "B4",
   "definition": "1,500 series each of the yearly, quarterly and monthly M4 series, drawn with seed 20261107 from the series not in the [[D6:M4 sample]], so disjoint from it."
  },
  {
   "id": "D10",
   "term": "AutoMSARIMA",
   "kind": "method",
   "source": "B6",
   "definition": "`AutoMSARIMA(lags, initial)` in Python and `auto.msarima()` in R of smooth 1.3.0 / 4.6: ARIMA orders up to AR (3,3), I (2,1), MA (3,3) and a constant selected by AICc, normal errors, the [[D1:MSARIMA analytic interval]] for the quantiles. Backcasting initial states unless stated."
  },
  {
   "id": "D11",
   "term": "log-normal ARIMA",
   "kind": "method",
   "source": "B6",
   "definition": "ADAM with `model=\"NNN\"`, an ARIMA and `distribution=\"dlnorm\"`: the ARIMA applies to the logarithms,\n$$\\begin{aligned} \\log y_t &= w^\\top v_{t-l} + \\log(1+\\epsilon_t), \\\\ v_t &= F v_{t-l} + g \\log(1+\\epsilon_t), \\\\ 1+\\epsilon_t &\\sim \\mathrm{logN}(-\\sigma^2/2, \\sigma^2), \\end{aligned}$$\nso the scale of the error is proportional to the level. In the comparisons with fixed orders, the orders and constant are those [[D10:AutoMSARIMA]] selects on the same series."
  },
  {
   "id": "D13",
   "term": "MCE",
   "kind": "variable",
   "definition": "Mean calibration error over the 99 quantile levels $\\tau = 0.01, \\dots, 0.99$:\n$$\\mathrm{MCE} = \\frac{1}{99} \\sum_{\\tau} \\left|\\bar c_\\tau - \\tau\\right|,$$\nwith $\\bar c_\\tau$ the [[D4:coverage]] of $q_\\tau$."
  },
  {
   "id": "D15",
   "term": "ETS forced and selected",
   "kind": "method",
   "source": "B6",
   "definition": "ETS of smooth with backcasting: AutoADAM-style selection among ETS models (`ES(model=\"ZXZ\")`, or ZXN for non-seasonal series), or ETS(ANN) or ETS(MNN) fitted to every series."
  },
  {
   "id": "D17",
   "term": "level ratio",
   "kind": "variable",
   "definition": "Mean of the last third of the in-sample data of a series divided by the mean of all its in-sample data."
  },
  {
   "id": "D18",
   "term": "M1",
   "kind": "data",
   "source": "B1",
   "definition": "The 1,001 series of the M1 competition with their holdouts."
  },
  {
   "id": "D19",
   "term": "M3",
   "kind": "data",
   "source": "B2",
   "definition": "The 3,003 series of the M3 competition with their holdouts."
  },
  {
   "id": "D20",
   "term": "Tourism",
   "kind": "data",
   "source": "B3",
   "definition": "The 1,311 series of the tourism forecasting competition with their holdouts."
  },
  {
   "id": "D21",
   "term": "smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0",
   "kind": "setting",
   "definition": "Python smooth at tag v1.0.8-py (a separate worktree with its own environment) and at 1.3.0 (commit 634657d8 of openforecast-org/smooth)."
  }
 ],
 "evidence": [
  {
   "id": "E10",
   "profile": "simulation",
   "description": "Simulation of the [[D2:known-model simulation]]: in each replicate the model is fitted to the first T observations and its 99 quantiles (0.01 to 0.99) are scored on the 18 holdout observations; results are pooled over the 11 Gaussian processes (mean over the processes of the mean over replicates). Cases T, E, S with backcasting and E with optimal initial states, run with [[D21:smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0]] on the same seeds (runs RN43 for 1.0.8 and RN44 for 1.3.0, plan PL11).",
   "availability": {
    "level": "public"
   },
   "lab_runs": [
    "RN43",
    "RN44"
   ],
   "setup": {
    "studied": [
     "D10"
    ],
    "cases": [
     "D2"
    ],
    "procedure": [
     "D3"
    ],
    "lens": [
     "D4",
     "D13"
    ],
    "context": [
     "D21"
    ]
   },
   "execution": {
    "code_version": "40869cb4fed377c6edd2cddc39b66b7ea5820e3a",
    "software": {
     "python": "3.14.4",
     "platform": "Linux-7.0.0-42-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.43"
    }
   },
   "model": "The 11 Gaussian ARIMA and SARIMA processes and the IMA(1,1) with t(4) errors of the known-model simulation",
   "parameters": "A8",
   "runs": 2000,
   "seeds": [
    20261105
   ],
   "tables": [
    {
     "id": "T1",
     "description": "smooth 1.0.8 against 1.3.0 on the same seeds, pooled over the 11 Gaussian processes",
     "row_labels": [
      "T",
      "D3",
      "initial states",
      "D21"
     ],
     "columns": [
      "D13",
      "ratio of the 80% interval width to the theoretical width",
      {
       "variable": "D4",
       "conditions": {
        "nominal level": 0.8
       }
      }
     ],
     "rows": [
      {
       "id": "r1",
       "label": [
        100,
        "E",
        "backcasting",
        "1.0.8"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.012016197326803405,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r2",
       "label": [
        100,
        "E",
        "optimal",
        "1.0.8"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.02458198143046628,
        3.3857,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r3",
       "label": [
        100,
        "S",
        "backcasting",
        "1.0.8"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.017238598102234465,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r4",
       "label": [
        100,
        "T",
        "backcasting",
        "1.0.8"
       ],
       "values": [
        null,
        1.1105,
        0.8256
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r5",
       "label": [
        100,
        "E",
        "backcasting",
        "1.3.0"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.00999872461993675,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r6",
       "label": [
        100,
        "E",
        "optimal",
        "1.3.0"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.00850140291806958,
        1.0111,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r7",
       "label": [
        100,
        "S",
        "backcasting",
        "1.3.0"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.01387776757473727,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r8",
       "label": [
        100,
        "T",
        "backcasting",
        "1.3.0"
       ],
       "values": [
        null,
        1.0019,
        0.7997
       ]
      }
     ],
     "artefact": "A10"
    }
   ],
   "artefacts": [
    "A10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "E17",
   "profile": "quant",
   "design": "benchmark",
   "description": "[[D10:AutoMSARIMA]] forecasts of the 5,315 [[D5:benchmark]] series with [[D21:smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0]] decomposed in stages: A, 1.0.8; D, 1.3.0 with the parameters of A; B, 1.3.0 with the orders of A; C, 1.3.0. Width ratios are medians over series of the 80% interval width of the later stage over the earlier one (exploratory run RN20 on runs RN16 to RN19).",
   "availability": {
    "level": "public"
   },
   "lab_runs": [
    "RN20"
   ],
   "setup": {
    "studied": [
     "D10"
    ],
    "cases": [
     "D5"
    ],
    "lens": [
     "D4"
    ],
    "context": [
     "D21"
    ]
   },
   "execution": {
    "code_version": "dfc53621aff77ab213ff5e6ea548255bfd1faa51",
    "software": {
     "python": "3.14.4",
     "platform": "Linux-7.0.0-42-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.43"
    }
   },
   "tables": [
    {
     "id": "T1",
     "description": "Stages of the change from smooth 1.0.8 to 1.3.0 on the benchmark",
     "conditions": {
      "data": "D5"
     },
     "row_labels": [
      "initial states",
      "stage"
     ],
     "columns": [
      "median ratio of the 80% interval width of the later stage to the earlier",
      "change of 80% coverage",
      "share of selected models with drift"
     ],
     "rows": [
      {
       "id": "r1",
       "label": [
        "backcasting",
        "A->C"
       ],
       "values": [
        1.0,
        -0.01894,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r2",
       "label": [
        "optimal",
        "A->C"
       ],
       "values": [
        1.0,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r3",
       "label": [
        "backcasting",
        "A->D"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.9871,
        null,
        null
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r4",
       "label": [
        "backcasting",
        "C"
       ],
       "values": [
        null,
        null,
        0.2476
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r5",
       "label": [
        "backcasting",
        "A"
       ],
       "values": [
        null,
        null,
        0.3087
       ]
      }
     ],
     "artefact": "A10"
    }
   ],
   "artefacts": [
    "A10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "E20",
   "profile": "quant",
   "design": "benchmark",
   "description": "MCE of each calibration curve of the 99 quantiles drawn from recorded outputs: the [[D2:known-model simulation]] (runs RN8, RN11, RN39), [[D21:smooth 1.0.8 and 1.3.0]] (RN16, RN19, RN43, RN44), the [[D5:benchmark]] (RN45 and the saved ETS benchmark) and the [[D9:fresh M4 sample]] (RN48), overall and by [[D7:level terciles]] (exploratory run RN49).",
   "availability": {
    "level": "public"
   },
   "lab_runs": [
    "RN49"
   ],
   "setup": {
    "studied": [
     "D10",
     "D8",
     "D15"
    ],
    "cases": [
     "D2",
     "D5",
     "D9"
    ],
    "procedure": [
     "D7"
    ],
    "lens": [
     "D13"
    ]
   },
   "execution": {
    "code_version": "5ca96a0fb806fcabad975937952e4a1330c3759d",
    "software": {
     "python": "3.14.4",
     "platform": "Linux-7.0.0-42-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.43"
    }
   },
   "tables": [
    {
     "id": "T1",
     "description": "MCE of each curve of figure A3",
     "row_labels": [
      "panel",
      "line"
     ],
     "columns": [
      "D13"
     ],
     "rows": [
      {
       "id": "r1",
       "label": [
        "T=15",
        "true parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.01439
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r2",
       "label": [
        "T=15",
        "estimated parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.06533
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r3",
       "label": [
        "T=15",
        "selected orders"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.05793
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r4",
       "label": [
        "T=25",
        "true parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.006361
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r5",
       "label": [
        "T=25",
        "estimated parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.03414
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r6",
       "label": [
        "T=25",
        "selected orders"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.03659
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r7",
       "label": [
        "T=50",
        "true parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.001008
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r8",
       "label": [
        "T=50",
        "estimated parameters"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.01962
       ]
      },
      {
       "id": "r9",
       "label": [
        "T=50",
        "selected orders"
       ],
       "values": [
        0.02353
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